How to Utilize a Salvage Yard?

A salvage yard, also known as a junkyard or auto wrecking yard, is a place where various discarded and salvaged items are collected and sold. These yards can be a treasure trove for those seeking affordable auto parts, scrap metal, electronics, and building materials. A study conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that salvage yards significantly contribute to recycling efforts and reduce the amount of waste ending up in landfills.

When visiting a salvage yard, you can find a wide range of items, including:

1. Auto Parts: Salvage yards are known for their vast collection of used and refurbished auto parts, making them a go-to destination for car enthusiasts and mechanics.
2. Scrap Metal: Salvage yards also accept and recycle various metals, including steel, aluminum, and copper, providing a sustainable way to dispose of old metal items.
3. Electronics: From outdated gadgets to salvaged electronic components, salvage yards can be a source for affordable electronics and spare parts.
4. Building Materials: Salvage yards often stock reclaimed lumber, tiles, fixtures, and other building materials, making them a valuable resource for DIY projects and renovations.

To make the most of your salvage yard experience, follow these steps:

1. Finding and Identifying the Parts or Items You Need: Utilize online resources, consult experts, or bring the necessary information to find the specific parts or items you require.
2. Inspecting the Condition of the Parts or Items: Carefully examine the condition, quality, and functionality of the parts or items before making a purchase.
3. Negotiating the Price: Bargain and negotiate prices with the salvage yard owner or staff to get the best deal.
4. Removing and Transporting the Parts or Items: Ensure you have the necessary tools, equipment, and transport to safely remove and transport the parts or items you have purchased.

Utilizing a salvage yard offers several benefits, including:

1. Cost Savings: Salvage yards provide affordable options for auto parts and other items, helping you save money compared to buying new.
2. Environmentally Friendly: By reusing and recycling items, salvage yards contribute to reducing waste and promoting sustainability.
3. Unique and Hard-to-Find Items: Salvage yards often have rare and hard-to-find items, making them a treasure trove for antique collectors and enthusiasts.

However, it is essential to consider safety precautions when visiting a salvage yard, such as wearing protective gear, being aware of potential hazards, and adhering to yard rules and regulations. By following these guidelines, you can make the most of your salvage yard experience while staying safe and finding valuable items.

What is a Salvage Yard?

A Salvage Yard: A Cost-Effective Resource for Affordable Parts and Eco-Friendly Practices

A salvage yard, also known as a junkyard or scrapyard, is a facility where discarded or damaged vehicles and machinery are stored and dismantled for parts or recycling purposes. So, what is a salvage yard? It is an active hub responsible for salvaging usable components from vehicles that have been declared total losses by insurance companies or are no longer functional.

Salvage yards play a crucial role in the automotive industry by providing affordable used parts for vehicle repairs and restoration projects. These yards are equipped with trained personnel who carefully assess and extract functional components that can be reused in other vehicles. They also ensure proper disposal of hazardous materials, such as oil and battery acids, in an environmentally responsible manner.

Not only do salvage yards contribute to the recycling and reutilization of materials, but they also help reduce the demand for new production, thus conserving natural resources. By offering a vast inventory of affordable parts, salvage yards provide a cost-effective alternative for vehicle owners and mechanics in need of affordable parts. This makes them an essential resource in the automotive repair and restoration community.

In summary, salvage yards are more than just junkyards or scrapyards. They serve as a valuable resource for the automotive industry by salvaging usable components, promoting eco-friendly practices, and offering cost-effective solutions for repairs and restoration projects.

What are the Types of Salvage Yards?

• Automobile salvage yards: These salvage yards specialize in salvaging and selling used auto parts from damaged or scrapped vehicles. They typically have a wide range of car parts, including engines, transmissions, tires, and body panels.
• Industrial salvage yards: These salvage yards focus on salvaging and reselling equipment and machinery from factories, construction sites, and other industrial settings. They may have items such as generators, motors, industrial tools, and heavy machinery.
• Electronics salvage yards: These salvage yards deal with salvaging and recycling electronic devices, such as computers, cell phones, and TVs. They often dismantle these devices to salvage valuable components, such as circuit boards and memory chips.
• Building material salvage yards: These salvage yards specialize in salvaging and selling used or surplus building materials from construction sites or demolished structures. They may offer items like doors, windows, flooring, lumber, and fixtures.

Considering the various types of salvage yards can help you determine which one will have the specific items or parts you are looking for. If you need auto parts, visiting an automobile salvage yard would be the most suitable option. On the other hand, if you are looking for electronic components, an electronics salvage yard would be the place to go. Assessing your needs and understanding the specialties of different salvage yards will ensure that you find the desired items efficiently.

What are the Types of Salvage Yards?

What Can You Find in a Salvage Yard?

In a salvage yard, you can find a wide variety of items that have been salvaged from different sources. Here are some of the things that you can discover:

1. Auto Parts: Salvage yards are renowned for their extensive selection of used auto parts. Whether you are in need of engines, headlights, or any other part for your car, you can almost always find it at a salvage yard.

2. Scrap Metal: Salvage yards serve as a fantastic resource for finding scrap metal. Whether you are searching for steel, copper, or aluminum, you will often come across these materials at a salvage yard.

3. Electronics: Salvage yards frequently house a collection of electronics that have been discarded. You may stumble upon old computers, televisions, or even vintage audio equipment in these yards.

4. Building Materials: For individuals engaged in home renovations, salvage yards can be a true treasure trove. At a fraction of the cost of new items, you can find doors, windows, flooring, and other building materials in salvage yards.

It is important to note that the inventory at salvage yards can vary greatly. Some yards may specialize in specific items, while others may offer a more diverse selection. To avoid disappointment, it is always advisable to call ahead or visit their website to check if they have what you are looking for.

Auto Parts

Auto Parts	Description
Engines	These are the main power source of a vehicle, responsible for converting fuel into mechanical energy.
Transmissions	Transmissions are responsible for shifting gears and transferring power from the engine to the wheels.
Batteries	Batteries provide the electricity necessary to start the vehicle and power its electrical systems.
Brakes	Brake systems are essential for slowing down or stopping the vehicle, consisting of brake pads, calipers, rotors, and hydraulic components.
Suspension	The suspension system ensures a smooth ride by absorbing shocks and maintaining vehicle stability.
Exhaust Systems	Exhaust systems remove waste gases from the engine and reduce noise produced by the combustion process.

When considering auto parts from a salvage yard, it is important to inspect the condition of each component to ensure it is in good working order. Negotiating the price for these parts can depend on factors such as availability and demand. It is essential to remove and transport the parts carefully to avoid causing damage or further issues.

Utilizing a salvage yard for auto parts can offer significant cost savings compared to buying brand new parts. It is an environmentally friendly choice as it reduces waste and promotes recycling. Salvage yards also provide access to unique and hard-to-find items that may not be readily available elsewhere.

To ensure safety in a salvage yard while searching for auto parts, it is crucial to wear protective gear such as gloves and safety glasses. Being aware of potential hazards such as sharp objects and chemicals is important to avoid accidents. Following yard rules and regulations will help maintain a safe environment for everyone involved.

Scrap Metal

When visiting a salvage yard, one of the items you can find is scrap metal. Scrap metal refers to discarded metal objects or materials that are no longer useful and have been collected for recycling or repurposing. It can come in various forms and can be valuable for a variety of reasons.

Type of Scrap Metal	Description	Potential Uses
Ferrous Metal	Contains iron and is magnetic.	Used in construction, machinery, and automotive industries.
Non-Ferrous Metal	Does not contain iron and is not magnetic.	Valuable for its resistance to corrosion and conductivity, commonly used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and automotive parts.
Aluminum	Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and highly recyclable.	Used in the production of cans, aircraft, automotive parts, and construction materials.

Scrap metal can be a cost-effective alternative to purchasing new metal materials and can also help reduce the demand for virgin resources. Recycling scrap metal reduces the environmental impact associated with mining and manufacturing new metal products.

When working with scrap metal, it is important to take safety precautions. Wear appropriate protective gear such as gloves and safety goggles to protect yourself from sharp edges and potential hazards. Be aware of the specific hazards associated with certain types of scrap metal, such as the toxicity of certain metals or the risk of fire or explosion. Always follow the rules and regulations of the salvage yard to ensure a safe and productive experience.

Scrap metal found in salvage yards can be a valuable and sustainable resource. By repurposing discarded metal objects, you can contribute to cost savings, environmental conservation, and the availability of unique and hard-to-find metal items.

Suggestions: When searching for scrap metal in a salvage yard, consider bringing a magnet to help distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Do some research on current market prices for different types of scrap metal, so you can negotiate a fair price based on current market conditions.

Electronics

When exploring a salvage yard, you can find various electronics that are available for purchase. These electronics can range from small gadgets to larger appliances. Here are some examples:

• Computers and laptops
• Television sets
• Audio equipment
• Smartphones and tablets
• Home appliances

It’s important to inspect the condition of these electronics before making a purchase. Check for any damages or missing components. Negotiate the price based on the condition and functionality of the item.

Did you know that salvage yards are a great place to find electronics at a fraction of the original cost? It’s a sustainable way to recycle and repurpose electronics while saving money!

Building Materials

Building materials are a valuable category of items that can be found in salvage yards. These materials, including lumber, bricks, doors and windows, roofing materials, and hardware, can be reused and repurposed for various construction and renovation projects. Here are some common building materials that you may come across in a salvage yard:

1. Lumber: Salvage yards often have a wide selection of reclaimed wood, including beams, planks, and boards. These can be used for flooring, framing, and other structural purposes.
2. Bricks: Salvaged bricks from old buildings can add a vintage touch to new construction or be used for landscaping projects, such as creating paths or garden borders.
3. Doors and Windows: Salvage yards may carry a variety of doors and windows in different styles and sizes. These can be used to replace old doors and windows or for unique architectural projects.
4. Roofing Materials: Salvage yards often have salvaged roofing tiles and shingles, which can be a cost-effective alternative to purchasing new roofing materials.
5. Hardware: Salvage yards may also have a selection of hardware items, such as knobs, hinges, and handles, which can be used to add character to furniture or cabinetry.

In addition to being cost-effective, utilizing building materials from salvage yards can have environmental benefits. By reusing and repurposing materials, you are reducing the demand for new production and minimizing waste. Salvaged building materials can often add a unique and historic charm to your projects.

In the mid-19th century, the use of reclaimed building materials became popular as a way to conserve resources and reduce costs. As urban areas grew, many old structures were demolished to make way for new developments. People began to see the value in salvaging materials from these demolitions, leading to the establishment of salvage yards. Today, the practice of using reclaimed building materials continues to thrive as a sustainable and creative approach to construction and remodeling projects.

How to Utilize a Salvage Yard?

Looking to make the most out of a salvage yard? Get ready to dive into the world of salvage yards, where treasures await. Discover the art of finding and identifying the exact parts or items you need. Learn the importance of inspecting their condition to ensure quality. Hone your negotiation skills to strike the best deal possible. And finally, uncover the key techniques to safely remove and transport your newfound gems. It’s time to unlock the potential of a salvage yard!

Finding and Identifying the Parts or Items You Need

When it comes to finding and identifying the parts or items you need in a salvage yard, follow these steps:

1. Create a list of the parts or items you need before visiting the salvage yard. This will help you stay focused and save time.
2. Research and familiarize yourself with the specific makes, models, or specifications of the parts or items you are looking for. This will aid in identifying them accurately.
3. Bring any necessary tools or measuring devices to help verify the compatibility or condition of the parts or items.
4. Inspect the salvage yard and navigate through its inventory systematically. Pay attention to labels, sections, or designated areas that may indicate the presence of the parts or items you need.
5. Take the time to examine each potential match carefully. Check for any damages, wear and tear, or missing components that may affect the performance or usability of the parts or items.
6. Compare the identifying features of the parts or items you find with your research and notes. Ensure they match the specifications or requirements of your project or equipment.
7. Ask for assistance from salvage yard staff if you have any doubts or need further clarification regarding the parts or items you are considering.
8. Make a list or take photographs of the parts or items you have identified as potential options. This will help you keep track of your findings and make informed decisions.
9. Prioritize the parts or items based on their condition, compatibility, and price. Consider factors such as functionality, availability, and cost-effectiveness.

Inspecting the Condition of the Parts or Items

When inspecting the condition of the parts or items in a salvage yard, it is crucial to follow these steps:

1. Carefully examine the exterior: Begin by visually inspecting the item or part for any visible damage, such as dents, rust, or cracks. Take note of the overall condition and assess whether any repairs or refurbishments will be necessary.
2. Check for functionality: If possible, test the item or part to ensure it is in working condition. For instance, if you are inspecting an electronic device, check if it powers on and functions properly. If it’s an auto part, assess if it is still operational.
3. Inspect for compatibility: Determine if the part or item is compatible with your specific needs. Verify if it fits the make, model, and year of the vehicle or machinery you are working with. This will help avoid any compatibility issues later on.
4. Assess wear and tear: Take note of the wear and tear on the item or part. Evaluate the usage it has seen and consider its remaining lifespan. This will help you determine if it is worth investing in or if it may require additional repairs in the near future.
5. Check for missing components: Ensure that all necessary components are present. For example, if you are inspecting an auto part, make sure all bolts, screws, and connections are intact. Missing components could affect the functionality and performance of the item.

By following these steps, you can thoroughly inspect the condition of the parts or items in a salvage yard, ensuring that you choose the ones that are in the best possible condition for your needs.

In 2019, a car enthusiast named John visited a salvage yard in search of an engine for his vintage Mustang. As he inspected the condition of the available engines, he came across a slightly worn-out but well-maintained V8 engine. After a meticulous examination and consulting with the salvage yard staff, John decided to purchase the engine. He spent some time refurbishing it and ended up with a fully functional, high-performance engine at a fraction of the cost of a new one. This experience taught John the importance of inspecting the condition of the parts or items in salvage yards, and he now recommends this approach to everyone in need of affordable yet reliable parts.

Negotiating the Price

• When negotiating the price at a salvage yard, it is important to research the market value of the part or item you are looking for. This will provide you with a baseline for negotiations.
• During the negotiation process, start by offering a lower price than the listed price. However, always be prepared to negotiate and reach a fair agreement.
• One effective strategy is to highlight any flaws or damages in the part or item you are interested in. This can be used as a point of negotiation for a lower price.
• Considering the condition and age of the part or item is also crucial when negotiating. Older or more worn-out parts may justify a lower price.
• If you are purchasing multiple parts or items, it is worth negotiating a discounted price for the entire package.

Fact: Negotiating the price at a salvage yard can result in significant cost savings. Discounts can range from 10% to 50% off the listed prices, depending on the condition and demand of the part or item you are interested in. Therefore, it’s always worth trying to negotiate to get the best deal.

Removing and Transporting the Parts or Items

To safely remove and transport the parts or items from a salvage yard, follow these steps:

1. Before removing any parts or items, make sure you have proper permission from the salvage yard owner or manager.
2. Bring the necessary tools and equipment for removing and transporting the parts or items, such as wrenches, sockets, pliers, and a sturdy dolly or cart.
3. Inspect the parts or items you intend to remove to ensure they are in good condition and suitable for your needs.
4. For larger or heavier items, like engines or heavy machinery, it may be helpful to have a team of people to assist with removing and transporting them.
5. Carefully remove the parts or items using the appropriate tools. Follow the proper procedures to avoid damaging the surrounding area or injuring yourself.
6. Once the parts or items are removed, securely fasten them to the dolly or cart for safe transportation. Use straps or ropes to prevent them from shifting or falling during transport.
7. If necessary, use a vehicle with a large enough cargo space to transport the parts or items. Make sure the vehicle is properly secured and legal for transportation.
8. Drive carefully and follow all traffic laws while transporting the parts or items to your desired location.
9. Upon arrival, unload the parts or items with caution. If needed, use the same tools and equipment to safely transfer them to their final destination.
10. Dispose of any packaging materials or waste responsibly, following appropriate recycling or disposal methods.

By following these steps, you can successfully remove and transport the parts or items you need from a salvage yard. Remember to prioritize safety and take any necessary precautions to ensure a smooth and efficient process.

What Are the Benefits of Utilizing a Salvage Yard?

Looking to save money, help the environment, or find rare treasures? Discover the amazing benefits of utilizing a salvage yard! From cost savings to one-of-a-kind items, this section dives into why salvage yards are a goldmine. Get ready to uncover the secrets of how salvage yards can be your ultimate resource hub. Whether you’re a budget-savvy renovator or a vintage enthusiast, these sub-sections will reveal all the reasons why salvage yards are a game-changer.

Cost Savings

When it comes to utilizing a salvage yard, one of the biggest benefits is the cost savings you can enjoy. Here are some ways in which you can save money:

• Significant discounts: Salvage yards often offer parts, items, and materials at a fraction of the original cost. You can find high-quality auto parts, scrap metal, electronics and building materials at much lower prices compared to buying them new.
• Price negotiation: In many salvage yards, you have the opportunity to negotiate the price of the parts or items you need. This can further help you save money by getting a better deal.
• Compared to brand-new items or materials, salvage yard prices can be significantly lower, allowing you to save a substantial amount of money.

To illustrate the cost savings, here’s a true story: John needed a replacement bumper for his car, and he visited a salvage yard. He found the exact bumper he needed in great condition at only 25% of the price it would have cost him if he had bought it new. John was thrilled with the cost savings he achieved by utilizing the salvage yard.

Environmentally Friendly

Utilizing a salvage yard is not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective. Here are some reasons why:

• Recycling: Salvage yards play a crucial role in recycling and reducing waste. By collecting and reusing various materials, such as auto parts, scrap metal, electronics, and building materials, salvage yards help prevent these items from ending up in landfills.
• Reducing energy consumption: Manufacturing new products requires a significant amount of energy, while salvaging and reusing materials can greatly reduce the need for new production. This helps conserve energy resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
• Promoting sustainable practices: Salvage yards encourage the adoption of sustainable practices by demonstrating the value of recycling and reusing materials. By supporting these establishments, we contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly society.
• Saving natural resources: Utilizing salvage yards helps to conserve natural resources. By reusing materials, we reduce the demand for extracting and processing raw materials, such as ores and timber.

Fun fact: According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling one ton of aluminum saves approximately 14,000 kWh of energy, 40 barrels of oil, and 237 million Btu of energy.

Unique and Hard-to-Find Items

When visiting a salvage yard, one of the key benefits is the opportunity to find unique and hard-to-find items. From rare vintage car parts to antique furniture pieces, salvage yards are treasure troves for those seeking something special.

Unique and Hard-to-Find Items at Salvage Yards
Vintage car parts
Antique furniture
Architectural salvage
Collectibles and memorabilia
Unique home decor

For car enthusiasts, salvage yards offer a vast selection of vintage car parts from different eras, making it possible to restore classic vehicles to their former glory. Antique collectors can find hidden gems like vintage furniture pieces that add character and history to their homes. Architectural salvage items, such as ornate doors or stained glass windows, can be transformed into stunning focal points in renovation projects.

A true story that highlights the uniqueness of salvage yards involves a couple searching for a specific vintage car part to complete their restoration project. After weeks of searching, they stumbled upon the exact piece they needed at a salvage yard. Not only did they save money by purchasing it from the salvage yard, but they also discovered other rare items that enhanced the overall aesthetic of their car collection.

What Are the Safety Precautions to Consider in a Salvage Yard?

When it comes to stepping foot in a salvage yard, safety should be at the top of your mind. From wearing protective gear to following yard rules and regulations, this section serves as your guide to navigating the potential hazards of a salvage yard. So, let’s dive in and explore the essential safety precautions you need to consider in order to keep yourself protected and have a smooth experience in the yard.

Wear Protective Gear

When visiting a salvage yard, it is crucial to prioritize the safety of yourself and others by wearing protective gear. Wearing protective gear will help prevent injuries and accidents in the potentially hazardous environment.

Hard hat: Protect your head from falling objects by wearing a sturdy hard hat. Gloves: Safeguard your hands from sharp edges, rusted metals, or chemicals by wearing thick gloves. Safety goggles: Proper safety goggles will shield your eyes from debris, dust, and flying particles. Ear protection: To protect your ears from excessive noise that can cause hearing damage over time, use earplugs or earmuffs. Boots: Wear sturdy, closed-toe boots with slip-resistant soles to protect your feet from sharp objects and potential injury.

By wearing the necessary protective gear, you can minimize the risk of harm and ensure a safer experience at the salvage yard.

In the early 1900s, during the construction of New York City’s Grand Central Terminal, workers faced hazardous conditions. To protect themselves, they actively wore various personal protective gear, such as leather helmets, goggles, and rigid boots. This early use of personal protective equipment established a precedent for safety practices in construction and industrial settings. Nowadays, wearing protective gear remains vital for workers in various industries as it ensures their well-being.

Be Aware of Hazards

When visiting a salvage yard, it is crucial to be aware of hazards to ensure your safety. Here are some hazards to be mindful of:

• Falling objects: Salvage yards are filled with stacked and piled items, such as car parts and building materials. Be cautious of items that may become unstable and fall.
• Sharp objects: Broken glass, metal edges, and sharp debris can pose a risk of cuts or puncture wounds. Always wear appropriate protective gear, such as gloves and sturdy shoes.
• Hazardous materials: Salvage yards may contain hazardous substances, such as oil, gasoline, or chemicals. Stay away from any leaking containers and avoid contact with these substances.
• Structural instability: Some structures within salvage yards, such as old buildings or vehicles, may be unstable. Avoid climbing on or entering these structures.
• Heavy machinery: Salvage yards often use heavy machinery, such as cranes and forklifts. Exercise caution around these machines and stay clear of their operating areas.

It’s important to be aware of hazards and prioritize your safety when navigating a salvage yard. By being aware of these hazards, you can minimize the risk of accidents or injuries.

True story: A friend of mine once visited a salvage yard to search for a specific car part. While inspecting a pile of scrap metal, another visitor accidentally knocked a heavy object off the pile, causing it to fall towards my friend. Thankfully, he had been paying attention and quickly moved out of the way, avoiding a potential injury. This incident served as a reminder of the importance of always being aware of hazards and staying alert in salvage yards.

Follow Yard Rules and Regulations

When utilizing a salvage yard, it is crucial to follow yard rules and regulations to ensure a safe and organized environment.

• Respect designated areas: Follow any marked boundaries or signs indicating restricted or off-limits areas within the salvage yard.
• Adhere to safety guidelines: Abide by safety protocols provided by the salvage yard, such as wearing protective gear like helmets, gloves, and safety shoes.
• Handle items responsibly: Treat the items in the salvage yard with care to prevent damage or injury. Avoid reckless behavior or actions that could cause accidents.
• Dispose of waste properly: Follow the salvage yard’s waste disposal guidelines, separating recyclable materials from non-recyclables to promote environmental sustainability.
• Observe cleanliness: Keep the salvage yard clean and well-maintained by promptly cleaning up any debris or trash generated during your visit.
• Respect other visitors and staff: Be considerate of other individuals in the salvage yard, maintaining a courteous attitude and following any instructions provided by the staff.

Following yard rules and regulations ensure a positive experience for everyone involved and helps maintain a safe and organized environment within the salvage yard.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I effectively search for specific parts in a salvage yard?

To effectively search for specific parts in a salvage yard, you can use the business’s website to browse their inventory. This will help you locate the parts you need and save time during your visit.

What tools should I bring when visiting a self-serve junk yard?

When visiting a self-serve junk yard, it is recommended to bring a ratchet set, a screwdriver set, and additional tools like a rubber mallet and pliers. These tools will make it easier for you to remove the parts you need.

What should I wear and bring for my safety while exploring a salvage yard?

To ensure your safety while exploring a salvage yard, it is important to dress appropriately and bring gloves to protect yourself from dirt and grease. Additionally, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the salvage yard’s policies, including any prohibited behavior or tools.

What are the advantages of using reusable parts from a salvage yard?

Using reusable parts from a salvage yard can save you money on car repairs. Newer vehicles often have reusable parts available at a much lower cost compared to buying new parts. This cost reduction can help you save hundreds of dollars while maintaining your vehicle.

Can I find engine parts and components in good shape at a salvage yard?

Yes, salvage yards often have engines and transmissions in good shape available for purchase. These components can be a cost-effective alternative to buying brand new ones, especially if you are looking to save money on engine repairs or upgrades.

What should I do if my vehicle has rust or damaged body panels?

If your vehicle has rust or damaged body panels, you can request that your repair shop uses parts from a donor vehicle. However, it’s essential to check with the mechanic beforehand as some repair shops may require new parts only. Utilizing salvaged body panels can be a more environmentally friendly option and help reduce the overall cost of repairs.